Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter 2020

Small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (sdLDL) is an emerging biomarker associated with cardiovascular disease and several comorbidities. The effects of aerobic versus resistance exercise on sdLDL levels are not well known; thus the aim of present study was to investigate effect of 8 weeks aerobic vs. resistance exercise on sdLDL concentration in military men.

Twenty two military men volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were divided into endurance (n=11) or resistance (n=11) exercise group randomly. The subjects in the endurance exercise group were performed 8 weeks aerobic exercise with 60 to 75% of their hear rate reserve 3 days a week, while the subjects in resistance exercise group were performed resistance training consisted of eight exercises (chest press, triceps extension, latissimus pull down, shoulder press, arm curls, leg extension, leg curls, and curl-up) of 6-12 maximal repetitions with 3 sets at 65-80% of 1RM for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken at baseline and 48h after the last session of exercise.

The results showed that sdLDL, TC, TG and LDL decreased and HDL increased only after endurance training. Data also revealed that there were significant differences in changes of sdLDL, TC, LDL and HDL concentration between endurance and resistance exercise.

The results suggest endurance exercise is better than resistance exercise to reduce sdLDL, TC, LDL and increase HDL concentration in the military men.

CrossFit is recognized as one of the fastest growing modes of high-intensity functional training. Exercise training is a useful strategy for controlling blood lipid profile. The effect of CrossFit training on blood lipid profile is not well known. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks CrossFit training on blood lipid parameters in overweight men.

Twenty sedentary overweight men (BMI: 28.4 ± 1.4 kg.m-2) participated in this study as the subject. The participants were divided into control (n=10) or CrossFit (n=10) group based on their maximum oxygen uptake randomly. The participants in CrossFit group were performed selected CrossFit training 5 days a week for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and 48h after the intervention.

Date indicated that plasma glucose (96.2±7.1 to 78.5±4.3), total cholesterol (TC) (162.6±11.0 to 139.2±6.3), TG (98.2±33.4 to 58.4±13.4) and LDL (95.2±5.4 to 69.7±.7) were decreased and plasma HDL was increased (40.7±3.4 to 62.8±3.3) after CrossFit training in compare to the control group (p < 0.001).

Data suggested that CrossFit training is a novel and useful strategy for controlling blood lipid levels and blood glycemia.

Exercise is recommended for the management of type 2 diabetes, but its effects on diabetic nephropathy are still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks resistance training on renal function in type2 diabetic men.

Twenty two type 2 diabetic men (Age: 51.1 ± 10.1 years) participated in this study as the subject. The subject based on their fasting blood glucose were divided into control (n=12) or resistance training (RT) (n=10) group randomly. Subjects in RT group executed six resistance exercises selected to stress the major muscle groups in the following order: chest press, leg extension, shoulder press, leg curls, latissimus pull down and leg press. Resistance training consisted of 50-60 min of weight training per day, 3 days a week, for 8 weeks.

The results indicated that fasting blood glucose was decreased in response to RT compare to the control group (p < 0.05). There was no meaningful difference in fasting insulin, insulin resistance and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between control or RT group.

RT improves blood glycemia however further studies are needed to determine the effect of these training on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The purpose of present study was to examine effect of home physical exercise on obesity in social isolation period of corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.

In this study, participants were a random sample of 150 actively online friends from the entire social medias friends of totaling 200 friends of the researcher. Data were collected in Ethiopia, between April 1 and July 1, 2020. A descriptive statistics was employed. Moreover, a paired sample t-test was used at level of significance set at 0.05 alpha to compare participant obesity before and during COVID-19 pandemic.

The results indicated that, before pandemic 78.8 % of participants and during pandemic period 87.9% of participants had normal body weight. But there was variation of BMI. For instance before pandemic there were underweight subjects but during pandemic there was no a single individual in underweight category. The reason was majority participants gained 1-5 kg and some individuals gained 6-10kg of body weight during the COVID-19 pandemic.  As the result of paired sample t-test analysis, BMI significantly increased after COVID-19 (P=0.003).

Based on the results, 72.8 % participants gained weight during pandemic because people minimized their time to exercise and eating too much without burring calories. Therefore, during COVID-19 pandemic period, people should perform physical exercises regularly at home to avoid excessive body weight.

The insulin resistance and subsequent pancreatic β cell failure that precedes the development of hyperglycemia is thus usually associated with obesity. Exercise training may improves these impairs, however, this is not well known. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks concurrent training on pancreatic β-cells function and insulin resistance in obese men.

Twenty three middle aged obese men (aged: 34.6 ± 8.8 years; ± SD) were randomly assigned to one of the concurrent training group (n=12) or control group (n=11). The concurrent group performed endurance and resistance training on the same days, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The subjects in the control group were instructed to maintain their normal physical activity throughout the study.

The results indicated that fasting insulin (P=0.006), insulin resistance index (P=0.02), pancreatic β-cells function (P=0.04) decrease in the training group compare to the control group; however, fasting blood sugar has no significant change after the intervention (P=0.3).

In summary, it seems that concurrent training utilized in this study improves insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cells function in obese men.

The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of aerobic training and its combination with acceptance and commitment therapy interventions (ACT) on insulin sensitivity, C-reactive protein and depressive symptoms in women with type 2 diabetes.

In the present quasi-experimental study, 60 women with type 2 diabetes with the age range of 50.4±1.8 are selected among patients referred to the specialized clinic for health and treatment of the oil industry in the northwest of the country in a purposeful sampling and then divided into 4 groups of 15 for aerobic training (AT), psychological therapy interventions based on acceptance and commitment (ACT), AT + ACT and control group. AT group was performed endurance training corresponding to 50-75% of HR max, 3 times per week for 10 weeks. Psychological intervention plan was done in a form of 90 min therapy workshop based on acceptance and commitment for 13 weeks. Biochemical and depression indicators are collected before and after intervention by using blood sample and Beck test. Data analysis was done through analysis of covariance (P-value≤ 0.05) and by SPSS-27 software.

The results showed that, AT, ACT and AT + ACT resulted in the significant decrease of depressive symptoms (P-value=0.001). However, insulin sensitivity, C-reactive protein in intervention groups didn’t show any significant difference than control group.

According to the findings, it seems that psychology and aerobics training can influence important glycemic indicator such as insulin sensitivity besides changes in depression indicators and also results in C-reactive protein clinical recovery in women with type2 diabetes.